Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple

Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Past simple Past Perfect

Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future simple Past Future

Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.

Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.

Present continuous Past continuous

Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.

▪ When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.

Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.

▪ When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.

Example: She will tell you

She says (that) she doesn’t know.

She has just said

In time expressions and pronouns

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last week Next week Ago	Then That day/that night The day before/the previous day The next/following day The previous week The following week/the week after Before
This/these Here Pronouns	That/those There They change according to the context

Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.

Type	Form	Examples
Yes-No questions	Ask + if/whether + subject + verb	“Do you speak English?” - He wondered if I spoke English.
Wh-questions	Ask + question word + subject + verb	“What are you watching?” - She asked what I am watching.

SIMPLE PRESENT

Simple Present:

Past Future	The simple present is used to indicate a situation that exists right now, at the moment of speaking.	Þ I smell something delicious. Þ Jane needs a glass of water right now. Þ They have a big house.
Past Future	The simple present says something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is used for general statements of fact.	Þ Monkey swings from branch to branch. Þ Kind words make people happy. Þ God loves us.
Past ? ? Future	The simple present is used for habitual or everyday activity.	Þ I watch TV three hours every night. Þ English class begins at 7am. Þ Father usually reads newspaper every morning.

Simple Present Pattern:

1. Nominal:

(+) She is a nurse.

S + To be + Compliment

(-) He is not a teacher.

S + To be + not + Compliment

(?) Are they students?

To be + S + Compliment + ?

When using word questions (W/H questions such as What, Who, When, Why, Where, Which, How), we simply put the question word in the beginning of the sentence and followed by the form of question pattern above.

Example:

Why is she angry?

W/H question + to be + S + Compliment + ?

2. Verbal:

(+) S + Verb₁ -s/es + O / C / adv

I study English every day.

He plays basketball every Tuesday and Thursday.

(-) S + Do/Does+not+Verb₁ + O / C / adv

They do not eat meat.

She does not borrow comics everyday.

(?) Do/Does+ Subject + Verb₁ + O / C / adv

Do you drink beer?

Does she understand the lesson?

Spelling of third person singular forms

Most verbs: Add -s to infinitive	work ® works drink ® drinks meet ® meets
Verbs ending in consonants + y: Change y to I and add -es	Fly ® flies Cry ® cries Rely ® relies
Verbs ending in -s, -z, -ch, or -x : Add -es to infinitive	Miss ® misses Buzz ® buzzes Watch ® watches Push ® pushes Fix ®fixes
Exceptions:	Have ® has go ® goes do ® does