INVITATION

To invite someone

¨ I would like you to …

¨ We would be pleased if you could …

¨ Would you like to …?

¨ Shall we …?

¨ How about …?

To accept an invitation

¨ Thank you. Yes, I would like to …

¨ Yes, I would. Thanks.

¨ That would be very nice. Thank you.

¨ All right!

¨ O.K.!

To refuse/decline an invitation

¨ I would love to, but …

¨ That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …

¨ That’s very kind of you, but …

¨ Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway

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FINITE VERBS

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.

Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).

In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:

• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., “The bulldozer demolished the restaurant,” “The leaves were yellow and stiff.”
• the imperative mood (giving a command).
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.

A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.

The finite verbs are highlighted in the following sentences:

The bear caught a salmon in the stream.

Who ate the pie?

Stop!

A nonfinite verb form – such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund – is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.

Verb forms that are not finite include:

• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., “The broken window…”, “The wheezing gentleman…”)
• gerunds and gerundives

In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.

By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.

English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).

Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.

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NOUN PHRASES

Noun phrase

A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

For example, ‘they’, ‘books’, and ‘the books’ are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

Example 1:

Shaggy: Do you like books?

Bean : Yes, I like them.

Shaggy: Do you like books over there?

Bean : Yes, they are nice.

Shaggy: Do you like the book I brought yesterday?

Bean : Yes, I like it. (Note: ‘It’ refers to ‘the book’, not ‘book’)

Example 2:

Nicko was late.

(‘Nicko’ is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb.)

Some noun phrases are short: The students

Some are long: The very tall education consultant

Structures of noun phrases:

▪ A beautiful old painting on the wall

The structure of this noun phrase contains three sections:

Pre-modifier	Head noun	Post-modifier
A beautiful old	painting	on the wall
A beautiful old	painting	-
-	painting	on the wall

This is the table of the adjectives that are combined with the nouns:

Determiner	Opinion adjectives		Descriptive adjectives						Nouns
	General	specific	size	shape	age	colour	nationality	material
A	Lovely	comfortable	big	-	-	-	-	Wooden	chair
The	Cheap	-	-	-	new	black	German	-	car
			Large	round	-	-	-	metal	table

When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them. You put adjectives in front of the first noun.

Example: We just spoke with a young American boy.

Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (V_base+ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.

Example: passing the exam watching TV

preparing the equipment sliding down a rope

going to school diving board

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Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple

Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Past simple Past Perfect

Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future simple Past Future

Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.

Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.

Present continuous Past continuous

Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.

▪ When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.

Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.

▪ When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.

Example: She will tell you

She says (that) she doesn’t know.

She has just said

In time expressions and pronouns

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last week Next week Ago	Then That day/that night The day before/the previous day The next/following day The previous week The following week/the week after Before
This/these Here Pronouns	That/those There They change according to the context

Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.

Type	Form	Examples
Yes-No questions	Ask + if/whether + subject + verb	“Do you speak English?” - He wondered if I spoke English.
Wh-questions	Ask + question word + subject + verb	“What are you watching?” - She asked what I am watching.

SIMPLE PRESENT

Simple Present:

Past Future	The simple present is used to indicate a situation that exists right now, at the moment of speaking.	Þ I smell something delicious. Þ Jane needs a glass of water right now. Þ They have a big house.
Past Future	The simple present says something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is used for general statements of fact.	Þ Monkey swings from branch to branch. Þ Kind words make people happy. Þ God loves us.
Past ? ? Future	The simple present is used for habitual or everyday activity.	Þ I watch TV three hours every night. Þ English class begins at 7am. Þ Father usually reads newspaper every morning.

Simple Present Pattern:

1. Nominal:

(+) She is a nurse.

S + To be + Compliment

(-) He is not a teacher.

S + To be + not + Compliment

(?) Are they students?

To be + S + Compliment + ?

When using word questions (W/H questions such as What, Who, When, Why, Where, Which, How), we simply put the question word in the beginning of the sentence and followed by the form of question pattern above.

Example:

Why is she angry?

W/H question + to be + S + Compliment + ?

2. Verbal:

(+) S + Verb₁ -s/es + O / C / adv

I study English every day.

He plays basketball every Tuesday and Thursday.

(-) S + Do/Does+not+Verb₁ + O / C / adv

They do not eat meat.

She does not borrow comics everyday.

(?) Do/Does+ Subject + Verb₁ + O / C / adv

Do you drink beer?

Does she understand the lesson?

Spelling of third person singular forms

Most verbs: Add -s to infinitive	work ® works drink ® drinks meet ® meets
Verbs ending in consonants + y: Change y to I and add -es	Fly ® flies Cry ® cries Rely ® relies
Verbs ending in -s, -z, -ch, or -x : Add -es to infinitive	Miss ® misses Buzz ® buzzes Watch ® watches Push ® pushes Fix ®fixes
Exceptions:	Have ® has go ® goes do ® does

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Modals in the past form

Modals
present	Past
can	could
will	would
shall	should
may	might

1. Could + Verb base

ô to offer suggestions or possibilities

Example: Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.

Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.

Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example: Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?

Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?

Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.

ô to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?

Could you lend me your jacket now?

Could you please close the door?

Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base

ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.

On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example: Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?

Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?

Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

ô to express polite requests

Example: Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?

Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?

Bella : No problem.

3. Should + Verb base

ô to give definite advice (advisability)

Example: Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?

Putri : I will, Bunda.

Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.

Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty:

Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)

They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.

Application should be sent before March 25^th.

4. Might + Verb base

ô to tell possibilities

Example: David : Where is Deddy?

Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.

ô To express polite requests

Example: Tian : Might I borrow your coat?

Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

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Advertisment

Advertisement is information for persuad and motivate a people so that it will anracted. Them to the service and things that are affered.

Function advertisement are :
- Promotion
- Communication
- Information

In making advertisement, keep the following points :
1. Language of advertisement

• Using the correct or suitable world
• Using the interesting expression and suggestive
• Using positive cannotations
• Text of advertisement snold directly to the go

2. Advertisement content

• Objective and hanest
• Brief and clear
• Don't to allude group and to other producer
• Attractive attention

Advertisment have 2 meaning :

1 . Is a comercial solicitation designed to sell some comodity , service or similiar .
- Companies try to sell their products using.
Advertisment in form or palacards , television , sports and print publication.

2 . Is a public notice
- The city council placed an advertisment in the local newspaper in informs it residents of the
forthcom in road works.

Advertisment is refers to all people many advertisment are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and service through the creation and reinforcement of brand image " N " barand loyality.

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News Item

Is the report of recent occurrences; information of something that has lately taken place, or of something before unknown; recent information about specific and timely events, or
Information about recent events or happenings, espespecially as reported by newspapers, periodical, radio, or television.


Special Function :

• To inform read or listener or viewer about events of the day which are considered news worth or important.


Generic Structure :

1. News worthy event ; recount the event in summary from.
2. Background event ; elaborate what happened, to whom I what circumstances.
3. Source ; comments by participants in witness and authorities expert on the event.
4. Form ; using simple present and past tense (but generally, prefers simple present tense)


Characteristic :

• Short, brief information about story captured in headline.
• Use material process to retell the event.
• Using saying verbs like say, tell, inform.
• Focus on circumstances.
• Use of projecting verbal process in source stager.
• Using action verbs, like, escape, go, run.



Example :
( a brief sentence cut of some news item)

1. Her family has had no news of her whereabouts for months.
2. The job requirements were news to him.
3. The news of the famous actor’s death was greatly exaggerated.


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